ASTM B348
ASTM B348
ASTM B348 is a standard developed by ASTM International that specifies the requirements for titanium and titanium alloy bars, billets, forgings, and rings. The standard covers six grades of titanium and titanium alloys, which are designated by their unique grade number.
The standard covers the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and heat treatment requirements for each grade of titanium, as well as the required testing methods for determining compliance with the standard.
It also covers the tolerance for dimensions and shape, the acceptable surface finish and the packaging and marking requirements for the products.
The standard is primarily intended for use in aerospace, medical, and industrial applications where high strength, low weight, and resistance to corrosion are required.
Chemical Composition
Chemical Composition
Variations
Chemical Composition
| Grade | Nitrogen, max | Carbon, max | Hydrogen,B,C max | Iron, max | Oxygen, max | Aluminum | Vanadium | Tin | Ruthenium | Palladium | Cobalt | Molybdenum | Chromium | Nickel | Niobium | Zirconium | Silicon | Residuals,D,E,F | max each | Residuals,D,E,F | max total | TitaniumG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||||
| 2 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||||
| 3 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||||
| 5 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5.5–6.75 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 7 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.12–0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 9 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 2.5–3.5 | 2.0–3.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 11 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.12–0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 12 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.2–0.4 | 0.6–0.9 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 13 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.06 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 14 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.04–0.06 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 15 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.04–0.06 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 16 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 17 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 18 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 2.5–3.5 | 2.0–3.0 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||
| 19 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.3 | 0.12 | 3.0–4.0 | 7.5–8.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 5.5–6.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.15 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||
| 20 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.3 | 0.12 | 3.0–4.0 | 7.5–8.5 | 0.04–0.08 | 3.5–4.5 | 5.5–6.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.15 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||
| 21 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.17 | 2.5–3.5 | 14.0–16.0 | 2.2–3.2 | 0.15–0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 23 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.0125 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 5.5–6.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 24 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5.5–6.75 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||
| 25 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.0125 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5.6–6.75 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.3–0.8 | 0 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 26 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.08–0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 27 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.08–0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 28 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 2.5–3.5 | 2.0–3.0 | 0.08–0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||
| 29 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 5.5-6.5 | 3.5-4.5 | 0.08-0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||
| 30 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.20–0.80 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 31 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.20–0.80 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 32 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 4.5-5.5 | 0.6-1.4 | 0.6-1.4 | 0.6-1.2 | 0.6-1.4 | 0.06-0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||
| 33 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.02-0.04 | 0.01-0.02 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.35-0.55 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 34 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.02-0.04 | 0.01-0.02 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.35-0.55 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 35 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.20-0.80 | 0.25 | 4.0-5.0 | 1.1-2.1 | 1.5-2.5 | 0.20-0.40 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 36 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.0035 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 42.0–47.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance |
Variations
| Element | max or Range, % | in Product Analysis |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum | 2.5 to 6.75 | +/-0.40 |
| Carbon | 0.1 | + 0.02 |
| Chromium | 0.1 to 0.2 | +/-0.02 |
| Chromium | 5.5 to 6.5 | +/-0.30 |
| Hydrogen | 0.02 | + 0.002 |
| Iron | 0.8 | + 0.15 |
| Molybdenum | 0.2 to 0.4 | +/-0.03 |
| Molybdenum | 1.5 to 4.5 | +/-0.20 |
| Molybdenum | 14.0 to 16.0 | +/-0.50 |
| Nickel | 0.3 to 0.9 | +/-0.05 |
| Niobium | 2.2 to 3.2 | +/-0.15 |
| Niobium | >30 | +/-0.50 |
| Nitrogen | 0.05 | + 0.02 |
| Oxygen | 0.3 | + 0.03 |
| Oxygen | 0.31 to 0.40 | +/-0.04 |
| Palladium | 0.01 to 0.02 | +/-0.002 |
| Palladium | 0.04 to 0.08 | +/-0.005 |
| Palladium | 0.12 to 0.25 | +/-0.02 |
| Ruthenium | 0.02 to 0.04 | +/-0.005 |
| Ruthenium | 0.04 to 0.06 | +/-0.005 |
| Ruthenium | 0.08 to 0.14 | +/-0.01 |
| Silicon | 0.06 to 0.40 | +/-0.02 |
| Vanadium | 2.0 to 4.5 | +/-0.15 |
| Vanadium | 7.5 to 8.5 | +/-0.40 |
| Zirconium | 3.5 to 4.5 | +/-0.20 |
| ResidualsA (each) | 0.15 | + 0.02 |
Dimensions Tolerances
Hot-Rolled Rounds and Squares
Hot-Rolled Hexagons and Octagons
Hot-Rolled Flats
Hot-Rolled Rounds and Squares
| Specified Size, in. (mm) | Size Variations, in. (mm) | Out-of-Round / Out-of-Square in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| 1⁄4to 5⁄16 (6.35 to 7.94), incl | +/-0.005 (0.13) | 0.008 (0.20) |
| Over 5⁄16 to 7⁄16 (7.94 to 11.11), incl | +/-0.006 (0.15) | 0.009 (0.23) |
| Over 7⁄16 to 5⁄8 (11.11 to 15.88), incl | +/-0.007 (0.18) | 0.010 (0.25) |
| Over 5⁄8 to 7⁄8 (15.88 to 22.22), incl | +/-0.008 (0.20) | 0.012 (0.30) |
| Over 7⁄8 to 1 (22.22 to 25.40), incl | +/-0.009 (0.23) | 0.013 (0.33) |
| Over 1 to 11⁄8 (25.40 to 28.58), incl | +/-0.010 (0.25) | 0.015 (0.38) |
| Over 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 (28.58 to 31.75), incl | +/-0.011 (0.28) | 0.016 (0.41) |
| Over 11⁄4 to 13⁄8 (31.75 to 34.92), incl | +/-0.012 (0.30) | 0.018 (0.46) |
| Over 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 (34.92 to 38.10), incl | +/-0.014 (0.36) | 0.021 (0.53) |
| Over 11⁄2 to 2 (38.10 to 50.80), incl | +/- 1⁄64 (0.40) | 0.023 (0.58) |
| Over 2 to 21⁄2 (50.80 to 63.50), incl | + 1⁄32, − 0 (0.79) | 0.023 (0.58) |
| Over 21⁄2 to 31⁄2 (63.50 to 88.90), incl | + 3⁄64, − 0 (1.19) | 0.035 (0.89) |
| Over 31⁄2 to 41⁄2 (88.90 to 114.30), incl | + 1⁄16, − 0 (1.59) | 0.046 (1.17) |
Hot-Rolled Hexagons and Octagons
| Specified Sizes Between Opposite Sides, in. (mm) | Size Variation, in. (mm) | Maximum Difference, 3 Measurements, in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| 1⁄4to 1⁄2 (6.35 to 12.70), incl | +/-0.007 (0.18) | 0.011 (0.28) |
| Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.70 to 25.40), incl | +/-0.010 (0.25) | 0.015 (0.38) |
| Over 1 to 11⁄2 (25.40 to 38.10), incl | +/-0.021 (0.53) | 0.025 (0.64) |
| Over 11⁄2 to 2 (38.10 to 50.80), incl | +/-1⁄32 (0.79) | 1⁄32 (0.79) |
| Over 2 to 21⁄2 (50.80 to 63.50), incl | +/-3⁄64 (1.19) | 3⁄64 (1.19) |
| Over 21⁄2 to 31⁄2 (63.50 to 88.90), incl | +/-1⁄16 (1.59) | 1⁄16 (1.59) |
Hot-Rolled Flats
| Specified Widths, in. (mm) | 18⁄ to 1⁄2in. (3.18 to 12.70 mm), incl | Over 1⁄2 to 1 in. (12.70 to 25.40 mm), incl | Over 1 to 2 in. (25.40 to 50.80 mm), incl | Width Variation, in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| To 1 (25.40), incl | +/-0.008 (0.20) | +/-0.010 (0.25) | + 1⁄64, − 1⁄64 ( + 0.40, − 0.40) | |
| Over 1 to 2 (25.40 to 50.80), incl | +/-0.012 (0.30) | +/-0.015 (0.38) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 1⁄32, − 1⁄32( + 0.79, − 0.79) |
| Over 2 to 4 (50.80 to 101.60), incl | +/-0.015 (0.38) | +/-0.020 (0.51) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 1⁄16, − 1⁄32 ( + 1.59, − 0.79) |
| Over 4 to 6 (101.60 to 152.40), incl | +/-0.015 (0.38) | +/-0.020 (0.51) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 3⁄32, − 1⁄16 ( + 2.38, − 1.59) |
| Over 6 to 8 (152.40 to 203.20), incl | +/-0.016 (0.41) | +/-0.025 (0.64) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 1⁄8, − 5⁄32 ( + 3.18, − 3.97) |
| Over 8 to 10 (203.20 to 254.0), incl | +/-0.021 (0.53) | +/-0.031 (0.79) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 5⁄32, − 3⁄16 ( + 3.97,−4.76) |
Cold-Finished Rounds
Cold-Finished Hexagons, Octagons, and Squares
Cold-Finished Flats
Cold-Finished Rounds
| Specified Sizes Between Opposite Sides, in. (mm) | Size Variation, in. (mm) | Maximum Difference, 3 Measurements, in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| 1⁄4to 1⁄2 (6.35 to 12.70), incl | +/-0.007 (0.18) | 0.011 (0.28) |
| Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.70 to 25.40), incl | +/-0.010 (0.25) | 0.015 (0.38) |
| Over 1 to 11⁄2 (25.40 to 38.10), incl | +/-0.021 (0.53) | 0.025 (0.64) |
| Over 11⁄2 to 2 (38.10 to 50.80), incl | +/-1⁄32 (0.79) | 1⁄32 (0.79) |
| Over 2 to 21⁄2 (50.80 to 63.50), incl | +/-3⁄64 (1.19) | 3⁄64 (1.19) |
| Over 21⁄2 to 31⁄2 (63.50 to 88.90), incl | +/-1⁄16 (1.59) | 1⁄16 (1.59) |
Cold-Finished Hexagons, Octagons, and Squares
| Specified Size, in. (mm) | Size Variation,A in. (mm) |
|---|---|
| Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.70 to 25.40), incl | + 0, − 0.004 (−0.10) |
| Over 1 to 2 (25.40 to 50.80), incl | + 0, − 0.006 (−0.16) |
| Over 2 to 3 (50.80 to 76.20), incl | + 0, − 0.008 (−0.20) |
| Over 3 (76.20) | + 0, − 0.010 (−0.25) |
Cold-Finished Flats
| Size Width or Thickness, in. (mm) | ⁄ in. (6.35 mm) and under | Over 1⁄4in. (6.35 mm) | Thickness Variation,A in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Over 3⁄8 to 1 (9.54 to 25.40), incl | +/-0.004 (0.10) | +/-0.002 (0.05) | +/-0.002 (0.05) |
| Over 1 to 2 (25.40 to 50.80), incl | +/-0.006 (0.15) | +/-0.003 (0.08) | +/-0.003 (0.08) |
| Over 2 to 3 (50.80 to 76.20), incl | +/-0.008 (0.20) | +/-0.004 (0.10) | +/-0.004 (0.10) |
| Over 3 to 41⁄2 (76.20 to 114.30), incl | +/-0.010 (0.25) | +/-0.005 (0.13) | +/-0.005 (0.13) |
Length Hot Rolled and Cold Finished
Camber for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished
Length Hot Rolled and Cold Finished
| Specified Sizes, all Shapes, in. (mm) | To 12 ft (3.66 m), incl | Over 12 to 25 ft (3.66 to 7.62 m), incl |
|---|---|---|
| To 2 (50.80), incl | + 1⁄2, − 0 ( + 12.70) | + 3⁄4, − 0 ( + 19.05) |
| Over 2 to 4 (50.80 to 101.60), incl | + 3⁄4, − 0 ( + 19.05) | + 1, − 0 ( + 25.40) |
| Over 4 to 6 (101.60 to 152.40), incl | + 1, − 0 ( + 25.40) | + 11⁄4, − 0 ( + 31.75) |
| Over 6 to 9 (152.40 to 228.60), incl | + 11⁄4, − 0 ( + 31.75) | + 11⁄2, − 0 ( + 38.10) |
| Over 9 to 12 (228.60 to 304.80), incl | + 11⁄2, − 0 ( + 38.10) | + 2, − 0 ( + 50.80) |
| Machine Cut After Machine Straightening | ||
| To 3 (76.20), incl | + 1⁄8, − 0 ( + 3.18) | + 3⁄16, − 0 ( + 4.76) |
| Over 3 to 6 (76.20 to 152.40), incl | + 3⁄16, − 0 ( + 4.76) | + 1⁄4, − 0 ( + 6.35) |
| Over 6 to 9 (152.40 to 228.60), incl | + 1⁄4, − 0 ( + 6.35) | + 5⁄16, − 0 ( + 7.94) |
| Over 9 to 12 (228.60 to 304.80), incl | + 1⁄2, − 0 ( + 12.70) | + 1⁄2, − 0 ( + 12.70) |
Camber for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished
| Hot rolled | 1⁄ in. (3.18 mm) in any 5 ft (1524 mm), but may not exceed 1⁄8 3 No. of ft in length |
|---|---|
| 5 | |
| Cold finished | 1⁄16in. (1.59 mm) in any 5 ft (1524 mm), but may not exceed 1⁄16 3 No. of ft in length |
| 5 |
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