ASTM B348
ASTM B348
ASTM B348 is a standard developed by ASTM International that specifies the requirements for titanium and titanium alloy bars, billets, forgings, and rings.
The standard covers the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and heat treatment requirements for each grade of titanium, as well as the required testing methods for determining compliance with the standard.
It also covers the tolerance for dimensions and shape, the acceptable surface finish and the packaging and marking requirements for the products.
The standard is intended for use in aerospace, medical, and industrial applications where high strength, low weight, and resistance to corrosion are required.
Chemical & Mechanical Properties
| Grade | Nitrogen, max | Carbon, max | Hydrogen,B,C max | Iron, max | Oxygen, max | Aluminum | Vanadium | Tin | Ruthenium | Palladium | Cobalt | Molybdenum | Chromium | Nickel | Niobium | Zirconium | Silicon | Residuals,D,E,F | max each | Residuals,D,E,F | max total | TitaniumG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||||
| 2 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||||
| 3 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||||
| 5 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5.5–6.75 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 7 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.12–0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 9 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 2.5–3.5 | 2.0–3.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 11 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.12–0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 12 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.2–0.4 | 0.6–0.9 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 13 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.06 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 14 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.04–0.06 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 15 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.04–0.06 | 0.4–0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 16 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 17 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 18 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 2.5–3.5 | 2.0–3.0 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||
| 19 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.3 | 0.12 | 3.0–4.0 | 7.5–8.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 5.5–6.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.15 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||
| 20 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.3 | 0.12 | 3.0–4.0 | 7.5–8.5 | 0.04–0.08 | 3.5–4.5 | 5.5–6.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.15 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||
| 21 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.17 | 2.5–3.5 | 14.0–16.0 | 2.2–3.2 | 0.15–0.25 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 23 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.0125 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 5.5–6.5 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 24 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5.5–6.75 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||
| 25 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.0125 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 5.6–6.75 | 3.5–4.5 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.3–0.8 | 0 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 26 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.08–0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 27 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.18 | 0.08–0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||||
| 28 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 2.5–3.5 | 2.0–3.0 | 0.08–0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||
| 29 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 5.5-6.5 | 3.5-4.5 | 0.08-0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | |||||||||||
| 30 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.20–0.80 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 31 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.20–0.80 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||||
| 32 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 4.5-5.5 | 0.6-1.4 | 0.6-1.4 | 0.6-1.2 | 0.6-1.4 | 0.06-0.14 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||
| 33 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.02-0.04 | 0.01-0.02 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.35-0.55 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 34 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.02-0.04 | 0.01-0.02 | 0.1-0.2 | 0.35-0.55 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 35 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.20-0.80 | 0.25 | 4.0-5.0 | 1.1-2.1 | 1.5-2.5 | 0.20-0.40 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance | ||||||||||
| 36 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.0035 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 42.0–47.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | Balance |
| Element | max or Range, % | in Product Analysis |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum | 2.5 to 6.75 | +/-0.40 |
| Carbon | 0.1 | + 0.02 |
| Chromium | 0.1 to 0.2 | +/-0.02 |
| Chromium | 5.5 to 6.5 | +/-0.30 |
| Hydrogen | 0.02 | + 0.002 |
| Iron | 0.8 | + 0.15 |
| Molybdenum | 0.2 to 0.4 | +/-0.03 |
| Molybdenum | 1.5 to 4.5 | +/-0.20 |
| Molybdenum | 14.0 to 16.0 | +/-0.50 |
| Nickel | 0.3 to 0.9 | +/-0.05 |
| Niobium | 2.2 to 3.2 | +/-0.15 |
| Niobium | >30 | +/-0.50 |
| Nitrogen | 0.05 | + 0.02 |
| Oxygen | 0.3 | + 0.03 |
| Oxygen | 0.31 to 0.40 | +/-0.04 |
| Palladium | 0.01 to 0.02 | +/-0.002 |
| Palladium | 0.04 to 0.08 | +/-0.005 |
| Palladium | 0.12 to 0.25 | +/-0.02 |
| Ruthenium | 0.02 to 0.04 | +/-0.005 |
| Ruthenium | 0.04 to 0.06 | +/-0.005 |
| Ruthenium | 0.08 to 0.14 | +/-0.01 |
| Silicon | 0.06 to 0.40 | +/-0.02 |
| Vanadium | 2.0 to 4.5 | +/-0.15 |
| Vanadium | 7.5 to 8.5 | +/-0.40 |
| Zirconium | 3.5 to 4.5 | +/-0.20 |
| ResidualsA (each) | 0.15 | + 0.02 |
| Grade | Tensile Strength min ksi | Tensile Strength min Mpa | Yield Strength 0.2% Offset, min, ksi | Yield Strength 0.2% Offset, min, MPA | Yield Strength 0.2% Offset, max, ksi | Yield Strength 0.2% Offset, max, MPA | Elongation In 2 in. or 50 mm Min % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 35 | (240) | 25 | (170) | 45 | (310) | 24 |
| 2 | 50 | (345) | 40 | (275) | 65 | (450) | 20 |
| 3 | 65 | (450) | 55 | (380) | 80 | (550) | 18 |
| 5 | 130 | (895) | 120 | (828) | 10 | ||
| 5B | 60 | (1103) | 150 | (1034) | 6 | ||
| 7 | 50 | (345) | 40 | (275) | 65 | (450) | 20 |
| 9 | 90 | (620) | 70 | (483) | 15 | ||
| 11 | 35 | (240) | 25 | (170) | 45 | (310) | 24 |
| 12 | 70 | (483) | 50 | (345) | 18 | ||
| 13 | 40 | (275) | 25 | (170) | 24 | ||
| 14 | 60 | (410) | 40 | (275) | 20 | ||
| 15 | 70 | (483) | 55 | (380) | 18 | ||
| 16 | 50 | (345) | 40 | (275) | 65 | (450) | 20 |
| 17 | 35 | (240) | 25 | (170) | 45 | (310) | 24 |
| 18 | 90 | (620) | 70 | (483) | 15 | ||
| 19C | 115 | (793) | 110 | (759) | 15 | ||
| 19B | 135 | (930) | 130 | (897) | 159 | (1096) | 10 |
| 19B | 165 | (1138) | 160 | (1103) | 185 | (1276) | 5 |
| 20C | 115 | (793) | 110 | (759) | 15 | ||
| 20B | 135 | (930) | 130 | (897) | 159 | (1096) | 10 |
| 20B | 165 | (1138) | 160 | (1103) | 185 | (1276) | 5 |
| 21C | 115 | (793) | 110 | (759) | 15 | ||
| 21B | 140 | (966) | 130 | (897) | 159 | (1096) | 15 |
| 21B | 170 | (1172) | 160 | (1104) | 185 | (1276) | 8 |
| 23 | 120 | (828) | 110 | (759) | 10 | ||
| 24 | 130 | (895) | 120 | (828) | 10 | ||
| 25 | 130 | (895) | 120 | (828) | 10 | ||
| 26 | 50 | (345) | 40 | (275) | 65 | (450) | 20 |
| 27 | 35 | (240) | 25 | (170) | 45 | (310) | 24 |
| 28 | 90 | (620) | 70 | (483) | 15 | ||
| 29 | 120 | (828) | 110 | (759) | 10 | ||
| 33 | 50 | (345) | 40 | (275) | 65 | (450) | 20 |
| 34 | 65 | (450) | 55 | (380) | 80 | (550) | 18 |
| 35 | 130 | (895) | 120 | (828) | 5 |
Dimensional Tolerances
| Specified Size, in. (mm) | Size Variations, in. (mm) | Out-of-Round / Out-of-Square in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| 1⁄4to 5⁄16 (6.35 to 7.94), incl | +/-0.005 (0.13) | 0.008 (0.20) |
| Over 5⁄16 to 7⁄16 (7.94 to 11.11), incl | +/-0.006 (0.15) | 0.009 (0.23) |
| Over 7⁄16 to 5⁄8 (11.11 to 15.88), incl | +/-0.007 (0.18) | 0.010 (0.25) |
| Over 5⁄8 to 7⁄8 (15.88 to 22.22), incl | +/-0.008 (0.20) | 0.012 (0.30) |
| Over 7⁄8 to 1 (22.22 to 25.40), incl | +/-0.009 (0.23) | 0.013 (0.33) |
| Over 1 to 11⁄8 (25.40 to 28.58), incl | +/-0.010 (0.25) | 0.015 (0.38) |
| Over 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 (28.58 to 31.75), incl | +/-0.011 (0.28) | 0.016 (0.41) |
| Over 11⁄4 to 13⁄8 (31.75 to 34.92), incl | +/-0.012 (0.30) | 0.018 (0.46) |
| Over 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 (34.92 to 38.10), incl | +/-0.014 (0.36) | 0.021 (0.53) |
| Over 11⁄2 to 2 (38.10 to 50.80), incl | +/- 1⁄64 (0.40) | 0.023 (0.58) |
| Over 2 to 21⁄2 (50.80 to 63.50), incl | + 1⁄32, − 0 (0.79) | 0.023 (0.58) |
| Over 21⁄2 to 31⁄2 (63.50 to 88.90), incl | + 3⁄64, − 0 (1.19) | 0.035 (0.89) |
| Over 31⁄2 to 41⁄2 (88.90 to 114.30), incl | + 1⁄16, − 0 (1.59) | 0.046 (1.17) |
| Specified Sizes Between Opposite Sides, in. (mm) | Size Variation, in. (mm) | Maximum Difference, 3 Measurements, in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| 1⁄4to 1⁄2 (6.35 to 12.70), incl | +/-0.007 (0.18) | 0.011 (0.28) |
| Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.70 to 25.40), incl | +/-0.010 (0.25) | 0.015 (0.38) |
| Over 1 to 11⁄2 (25.40 to 38.10), incl | +/-0.021 (0.53) | 0.025 (0.64) |
| Over 11⁄2 to 2 (38.10 to 50.80), incl | +/-1⁄32 (0.79) | 1⁄32 (0.79) |
| Over 2 to 21⁄2 (50.80 to 63.50), incl | +/-3⁄64 (1.19) | 3⁄64 (1.19) |
| Over 21⁄2 to 31⁄2 (63.50 to 88.90), incl | +/-1⁄16 (1.59) | 1⁄16 (1.59) |
| Specified Widths, in. (mm) | 18⁄ to 1⁄2in. (3.18 to 12.70 mm), incl | Over 1⁄2 to 1 in. (12.70 to 25.40 mm), incl | Over 1 to 2 in. (25.40 to 50.80 mm), incl | Width Variation, in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| To 1 (25.40), incl | +/-0.008 (0.20) | +/-0.010 (0.25) | + 1⁄64, − 1⁄64 ( + 0.40, − 0.40) | |
| Over 1 to 2 (25.40 to 50.80), incl | +/-0.012 (0.30) | +/-0.015 (0.38) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 1⁄32, − 1⁄32( + 0.79, − 0.79) |
| Over 2 to 4 (50.80 to 101.60), incl | +/-0.015 (0.38) | +/-0.020 (0.51) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 1⁄16, − 1⁄32 ( + 1.59, − 0.79) |
| Over 4 to 6 (101.60 to 152.40), incl | +/-0.015 (0.38) | +/-0.020 (0.51) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 3⁄32, − 1⁄16 ( + 2.38, − 1.59) |
| Over 6 to 8 (152.40 to 203.20), incl | +/-0.016 (0.41) | +/-0.025 (0.64) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 1⁄8, − 5⁄32 ( + 3.18, − 3.97) |
| Over 8 to 10 (203.20 to 254.0), incl | +/-0.021 (0.53) | +/-0.031 (0.79) | 61⁄32 (0.79) | + 5⁄32, − 3⁄16 ( + 3.97,−4.76) |
| Specified Sizes Between Opposite Sides, in. (mm) | Size Variation, in. (mm) | Maximum Difference, 3 Measurements, in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| 1⁄4to 1⁄2 (6.35 to 12.70), incl | +/-0.007 (0.18) | 0.011 (0.28) |
| Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.70 to 25.40), incl | +/-0.010 (0.25) | 0.015 (0.38) |
| Over 1 to 11⁄2 (25.40 to 38.10), incl | +/-0.021 (0.53) | 0.025 (0.64) |
| Over 11⁄2 to 2 (38.10 to 50.80), incl | +/-1⁄32 (0.79) | 1⁄32 (0.79) |
| Over 2 to 21⁄2 (50.80 to 63.50), incl | +/-3⁄64 (1.19) | 3⁄64 (1.19) |
| Over 21⁄2 to 31⁄2 (63.50 to 88.90), incl | +/-1⁄16 (1.59) | 1⁄16 (1.59) |
| Specified Size, in. (mm) | Size Variation,A in. (mm) |
|---|---|
| Over 1⁄2 to 1 (12.70 to 25.40), incl | + 0, − 0.004 (−0.10) |
| Over 1 to 2 (25.40 to 50.80), incl | + 0, − 0.006 (−0.16) |
| Over 2 to 3 (50.80 to 76.20), incl | + 0, − 0.008 (−0.20) |
| Over 3 (76.20) | + 0, − 0.010 (−0.25) |
| Size Width or Thickness, in. (mm) | ⁄ in. (6.35 mm) and under | Over 1⁄4in. (6.35 mm) | Thickness Variation,A in. (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Over 3⁄8 to 1 (9.54 to 25.40), incl | +/-0.004 (0.10) | +/-0.002 (0.05) | +/-0.002 (0.05) |
| Over 1 to 2 (25.40 to 50.80), incl | +/-0.006 (0.15) | +/-0.003 (0.08) | +/-0.003 (0.08) |
| Over 2 to 3 (50.80 to 76.20), incl | +/-0.008 (0.20) | +/-0.004 (0.10) | +/-0.004 (0.10) |
| Over 3 to 41⁄2 (76.20 to 114.30), incl | +/-0.010 (0.25) | +/-0.005 (0.13) | +/-0.005 (0.13) |
| Specified Sizes, all Shapes, in. (mm) | To 12 ft (3.66 m), incl | Over 12 to 25 ft (3.66 to 7.62 m), incl |
|---|---|---|
| To 2 (50.80), incl | + 1⁄2, − 0 ( + 12.70) | + 3⁄4, − 0 ( + 19.05) |
| Over 2 to 4 (50.80 to 101.60), incl | + 3⁄4, − 0 ( + 19.05) | + 1, − 0 ( + 25.40) |
| Over 4 to 6 (101.60 to 152.40), incl | + 1, − 0 ( + 25.40) | + 11⁄4, − 0 ( + 31.75) |
| Over 6 to 9 (152.40 to 228.60), incl | + 11⁄4, − 0 ( + 31.75) | + 11⁄2, − 0 ( + 38.10) |
| Over 9 to 12 (228.60 to 304.80), incl | + 11⁄2, − 0 ( + 38.10) | + 2, − 0 ( + 50.80) |
| Machine Cut After Machine Straightening | ||
| To 3 (76.20), incl | + 1⁄8, − 0 ( + 3.18) | + 3⁄16, − 0 ( + 4.76) |
| Over 3 to 6 (76.20 to 152.40), incl | + 3⁄16, − 0 ( + 4.76) | + 1⁄4, − 0 ( + 6.35) |
| Over 6 to 9 (152.40 to 228.60), incl | + 1⁄4, − 0 ( + 6.35) | + 5⁄16, − 0 ( + 7.94) |
| Over 9 to 12 (228.60 to 304.80), incl | + 1⁄2, − 0 ( + 12.70) | + 1⁄2, − 0 ( + 12.70) |
| Hot rolled | 1⁄ in. (3.18 mm) in any 5 ft (1524 mm), but may not exceed 1⁄8 3 No. of ft in length |
|---|---|
| 5 | |
| Cold finished | 1⁄16in. (1.59 mm) in any 5 ft (1524 mm), but may not exceed 1⁄16 3 No. of ft in length |
| 5 |
